AGRICULTURE AS A MANAGED ECOSYSTEM: POLICY IMPLICATIONS

One of the greatest challenges facing agriculture for the foreseeable future is to resolve conflicts caused by a growing competition for the services of the soil, water, and other natural resources on which agriculture depends-driven by growing demands for food, fiber, and for nonagricultural services these resources provide. To meet this challenge, research is needed which is integrated across the relevant sciences to better understand and predict the properties of agricultural production systems in all of the dimensions that have come to be represented by the concept of sustainability. If we were to achieve this capability to analyze agriculture as a managed ecosystem, it would be possible to move beyond the current regime of agricultural policies, driven largely by interest-group politics, toward science-based policies that recognize the tradeoffs associated with competing uses of natural resources.Environmental Economics and Policy,

ECONOMETRIC-PROCESS MODELS FOR INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

This paper develops the conceptual and empirical basis for a class of empirical economic production models that can be linked to site-specific bio-physical models for use in integrated assessment research. Site-specific data are used to estimate econometric production models, and these data and models are then incorporated into a simulation model that represents the decision making process of the farmer as a sequence of discrete or continuous land use and input use decisions. This discrete/continuous structure of the econometric process model is able to simulate decision making both within and outside the range of observed data in a way that is consistent with economic theory and with site-specific bio-physical constraints and processes. An econometric-process model of the dryland grain production system of the Northern Plains demonstrates the capabilities of this type of model.bio-physical models, integrated assessment, production models, dryland grain production, econometric-process models, Production Economics, C5, Q1, Q2,

PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC MODEL INTEGRATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL USE

Environmental Economics and Policy,

EVALUATING TELEMEDICINE IN RURAL SETTINGS: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS

Changes in health care policies, demographics, and technology have presented new opportunities for the delivery of medical care services and information to rural communities. Telemedicinethe use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distances separates the participantsis one technology that has impacted the efficiency of delivery of rural health care services. This paper presents an overview of the telemedicine technologies, government involvement in support of telemedicine, evaluation efforts to date for these technologies, and issues that need to be addressed in designing an economic-based framework to evaluate the net benefits of telemedicine technologies to rural communities and consumers. An evaluation framework needs to be capable of quantifying the tradeoffs among access to health care services, the costs of delivery of a given level of services, and changes in the quality of the service that is being delivered via electronic communications; and how these tradeoffs shift as the level of telemedicine and the technology changes. The framework that is proposed is based on models of consumer behavior that incorporate discrete choices among quality differentiated sites.rural health care, telemedicine, averted costs, economic benefits, telecommunications technology, R0, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Health Economics and Policy, I1,

EVALUATING TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES IN RURAL SETTINGS

Changes in health care policies, demographics, and technology have presented new opportunities for the delivery of medical care services and information to rural communities. Telemedicinethe use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates the participantshas significantly impacted the delivery of rural health care services. This paper presents an overview of the telemedicine technologies, government involvement in support of telemedicine, and issues that need to be addressed in designing an economic framework to evaluate the net benefits of telemedicine to rural communities and consumers. Federal and state governments have invested millions of support dollars in the form of equipment, infrastructure, and incentives for consumers and providers to expand the use of telecommunications in medical care. Since disbursement of these funds is already underway, it only makes sense to develop a method to determine both where and whether an additional dollar of funding for telemedicine development would be of the greatest benefit to society. If telemedicine can prove itself as a useful method for improving the likelihood of survival of rural hospitals, then, in the interest of rural development, it may be a technology worth investing in; i.e., the social benefits, measured as the sum of the private and public benefits, may outweigh the costs. According to its supporters, telemedicine systems have the potential to simultaneously address several problems characteristic of health care in rural areas, including access to care, cost containment, and quality assurance. Access can be improved by linking providers in remote areas with specialists in metropolitan centers or peers in rural areas. Telemedicine not only enables a wider range of services to be offered in the local community but may have the added effect of improving physician retention in isolated areas, one of the primary challenges in maintaining access for frontier medical centers. Telemedicine can promote cost containment through the substitution of lower-cost rural providers and facilities. Ideally, improved quality will be achieved by the ready availability of consultations and referrals. These are the potential benefits of telemedicine implementation, but they have not yet been verified by research in a field setting. An evaluation framework for telemedicine needs to be capable of modeling changes in the behavior of health care consumers (i.e., altered visitation patterns), recognizing differences in quality of service, and finally, quantifying the value of these changes. This is no small task, and obtaining the required data will likely require the cooperation of many parties, including health care providers, patients, hospital and program administrators, and policymakers. These are the same groups that could benefit greatly from a better understanding of how telemedicine technologies affect health care delivery, but a meaningful framework for analysis needs to capture the many aspects of telemedicine implementation.rural health care, telemedicine, averted costs, economic benefits, telecommunications technology, R0, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Health Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, I1,

OPTIMAL SPATIAL SCALE FOR EVALUATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRADEOFFS

This paper develops a conceptual framework that can provide a scientific foundation for formulating policies that consider environmental and economic tradeoffs. It addresses a critical problem recognized in the environmental sciences, namely, choosing the appropriate spatial scale for measurement and analysis of spatially variable economic and biophysical processes.scale, carbon sequestration, agriculture, economic policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Industrial Organization,

ECONOMETRIC PRODUCTION MODELS WITH ENDOGENOUS INPUT TIMING: AN APPLICATION TO ECUADORIAN POTATO PRODUCTION

In this article, a model was developed in which the quantity and timing of input and harvest decisions are endogenous. The endogenous timing model allows all of the information about input and harvest behavior to be utilized, and it provides a basis for linking econometric production analysis to the time-specific analyses in other scientific disciplines used to assess the environmental or human health impacts of agricultural production practices. The case study of fungicide use on Ecuadorian potatoes was conducted with a unique data set containing detailed information on both quantity and timing of input use. The results showed that both quantity and timing of chemical use were responsive to economic variables.Crop Production/Industries,

Estado da arte em estudos de biossegurança ambiental de organismos geneticamente modificados e a prática da Embrapa.

Os melhoristas de plantas cultivadas, em todo o mundo, são merecedores de grande reconhecimento, pois, graças ao seu esforço contínuo, a produção de alimentos não perdeu para o aumento maciço da população mundial. Por outro lado, atualmente o consumidor exige que os alimentos ofereçam mais garantias do que em outras épocas da história. Estas mudanças se refletem busca contínua de melhoria genética das plantas cultivadas. No cenário brasileiro, a segurança alimentar é uma questão estratégica para que toda a população disponha de alimento de boa qualidade, com garantias de conservação,isento de microrganismos patogênicos e de componentes ou contaminantes que venham a causar danos ao consumidor. No âmbito nacional como no internacional, o problema alimentar se verá agravado pela distribuição desigual do solo agrícola. A China, por exemplo, possui 25% da população mundial, porém só representa 7% do solo cultivável do planeta. Durante o último período em que a população mundial se duplicou, de 3 bilhões em 1960 para 6 bilhões em 2000, a produção de alimentos aumentou em paralelo (ALIMENTACIÓN, s.d.). Isso foi possível pelo uso de variedades melhoradas geneticamente, como já mencionado, pela otimização de técnicas de cultivo e outras inovações em irrigação e manejo de culturas, além de outras causas como geração de pesticidas mais eficazes, novos fertilizantes, entre outros. Estes sucessivos saltos da produção de grãos e das exportações, que acontecem no Brasil e no cenário mundial, vêm suscitando reações de otimismo em vários segmentos da sociedade, que entendem que tais saltos reforçam a competitividade de várias cadeias produtivas. Entretanto, parte dessa vantagem acaba perdida ao longo de estradas, portos,armazenamento e burocracia (BUAINAIN & SILVEIRA, 2003)

Estado da arte em estudos de biossegurança ambiental de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) e a prática da Embrapa.

O projeto em Rede de Biossegurança de OGM da Embrapa foi proposto e aprovado em setembro de 2002 visando principalmente estabelecer-se como gerador de conhecimento na área de biossegurança ambiental e alimentar e difusor dos avanços tecnológicos na área, além de garantir o uso seguro da tecnologia e dar cumprimento às exigências da regulamentação brasileira de biossegurança de OGM. Com este foco, as plantas geneticamente modificadas da Embrapa em vias de serem avaliadas em situação de campo, foram submetidas aos procedimentos legais em vigor na época. Entre estes processos incluía-se a apresentação de dados substanciados sobre impactos ambientais potenciais das plantas em estudo, para a aprovação de experimentação em campo. Estes dados e as metodologias aplicadas em resposta à solicitação dos órgãos responsáveis à época são assunto deste trabalho. Tal trabalho só foi viável pela disponibilidade de equipe multidisciplinar para atender a todos os requisitos e foi favorecido pela organização do projeto no formato de Rede. Os resultados esclareceram algumas dúvidas levantadas pela sociedade, favorecendo assim a aprovação para liberação de experimentos controlados em campo, tendo sido a Embrapa a primeira empresa a receber aprovação para tal experimento em dezembro de 2003 (após restrições legais acontecidas para experimentos com transgênicos entre 2000 e 2003).bitstream/CNPMA/7436/1/documentos_56.pd

Predictive biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy: The Galectin-3 signature in NSCLCs

Checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy is opening a promising scenario in oncology, with objective responses registered in multiple cancer types. However, reliable predictive markers of tumor responsiveness are still lacking. These markers need to be urgently identified for a better selection of patients that can be candidates for immunotherapy. In this pilot study, a cohort of 34 consecutive patients bearing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), treated with pembrolizumab, was considered. The retrospective immuno-phenotypic analysis performed on the original tumor biopsies allowed for the identification of a specific “galectin signature”, which strongly correlated with tumor responsiveness to anti PD-1 immunotherapy. We observed that the large majority of patients (about 90%) with high galectin-3 tumor expression (score 3+) showed an early and dramatic progression of the disease after three cycles of treatments. In contrast, all patients with negative or low/intermediate expression of galectin-3 in tumor cells showed an early and durable objective response to pembrolizumab, indicating galectin-3 as an interesting predictive marker of tumor responsiveness. The galectin-3 signature, at least in NSCLCs, promises a better selection of patient candidates for immunotherapy, reducing unnecessary treatment exposures and social costs. A large multicenter study is ongoing to validate this finding